Crown thinning is a specialized pruning technique primarily used in arboriculture to manage the health and aesthetics of trees. This practice involves selectively removing branches from the crown of a tree, which is the upper part where leaves and branches grow most densely. The objectives of crown thinning are multifaceted, with enhancing light penetration and reducing wind resistance being two of the primary goals. Understanding these objectives can help appreciate why crown thinning is vital for both the tree's welfare and its surrounding environment.
Enhancing light penetration through the canopy is one of the critical objectives of crown thinning. Trees with overly dense canopies can suffer from reduced vigor and health because light cannot penetrate efficiently to the lower branches. This lack of light can inhibit photosynthesis, which is essential for the tree's growth and food production. By carefully removing select branches, more sunlight can reach the interior sections of the tree as well as the ground beneath it. This increased exposure to sunlight not only improves photosynthesis throughout the entire tree but also benefits underplantings around the tree's base, promoting biodiversity within garden spaces or wooded areas.
Moreover, enhanced light penetration through crown thinning contributes to better air circulation throughout the tree's structure. Improved airflow helps in reducing moisture accumulation within the foliage, which lowers the risk of fungal infections and other diseases that thrive in damp conditions. Thus, a thinned crown supports a healthier and more robust tree.
Reducing wind resistance comprises another significant objective of crown thinning. Trees that have less dense crowns are less susceptible to wind damage during storms or high winds. A thick, heavy canopy acts like a sail; in strong winds, this can lead to branch breakages or even uprooting of the whole tree if not properly managed. By removing some branches, particularly those that are weak or dead already, arborists reduce this "sail effect" thus stabilizing trees significantly during adverse weather conditions.
In addition to preventing structural damage to trees themselves, reducing wind resistance also minimizes potential harm to nearby structures such as houses, power lines, and roads. It enhances safety for people living in close proximity to large trees especially in urban environments where space between natural elements and human habitation is minimal.
Furthermore, while achieving these practical benefits-enhanced light penetration and reduced wind resistance-crown thinning also maintains or improves aesthetic appearance without compromising on ecological value or safety aspects associated with densely branched mature trees.
In conclusion, crown thinning serves pivotal roles not only in preserving individual tree health by facilitating better photosynthesis conditions through increased light exposure but also by fortifying them against mechanical stresses caused by wind. Simultaneously it promotes safer environments around such trees ensuring they continue contributing positively toward urban landscapes' green infrastructure needs while looking their best.
Crown thinning is a crucial technique in arboriculture aimed at enhancing a tree's health and boosting its aesthetic appeal. This method involves the selective removal of branches to improve light penetration and air movement throughout the canopy of the tree. Properly executed, crown thinning offers numerous benefits that contribute to a tree's longevity and visual charm.
One of the primary advantages of crown thinning is improved air circulation through the tree's canopy. This increased airflow helps reduce humidity around the branches and leaves, which is crucial in preventing the growth of fungal diseases. Many common tree ailments are exacerbated by damp conditions, so by promoting better air circulation, crown thinning helps keep these issues at bay.
Another significant benefit of this practice is enhanced light penetration. When excess branches are removed, sunlight can reach more parts of the tree, particularly the inner sections that often struggle for light. This increased exposure to sunlight is vital for photosynthesis, the process by which trees convert light energy into chemical energy. More light means more energy production, which can lead to a healthier and more vigorous tree.
Additionally, crown thinning can contribute to the structural integrity of a tree. By selectively removing branches that are weak, diseased, or crossing each other, an arborist can prevent potential hazards such as falling limbs. This is particularly important in urban or residential areas where such dangers could pose risks to people and property.
From an aesthetic perspective, crown thinning can dramatically enhance a tree's appearance. It creates a balanced, open structure that not only looks pleasing but also showcases more of the tree's natural form and beauty. Well-thinned trees often appear well-maintained and tidy, adding value to landscapes and increasing property appeal.
Moreover, trees that undergo regular crown thinning may have a longer lifespan compared to those that do not receive proper care. Removing excess weight from overburdened branches reduces stress on the tree's overall structure. Stress reduction is crucial for older trees or those located in environments with harsh weather conditions, as it decreases their susceptibility to damage from storms or heavy winds.
In conclusion, crown thinning is more than just cutting back branches; it's about making strategic decisions that boost both the health and aesthetics of trees. By improving air quality around them, enhancing photosynthesis opportunities through better light exposure, reducing potential hazards from weakened limbs, beautifying their appearance in landscapes, and extending their viability-crown thinning serves as an indispensable part of responsible tree care and management.
Crown thinning is a crucial arboricultural practice aimed at improving the health and aesthetics of trees. It involves the selective removal of branches to enhance light penetration and air movement through the crown, which helps in reducing the risk of disease. It also balances the root system with the aerial portion of the tree, promoting better stability and growth. For those involved in crown thinning, having an understanding of common tools and equipment is essential for achieving effective results while ensuring personal safety.
One of the primary tools used in crown thinning is the chainsaw. Chainsaws come in various sizes and are selected based on the thickness of branches to be cut and the height at which an arborist will work. Smaller, lighter chainsaws are ideal for higher, more accessible branches, whereas larger chainsaws may be needed for thick, lower branches. Safety is paramount when using chainsaws; thus, operators must wear appropriate protective gear including helmets with visors or goggles, hearing protection, gloves, and anti-cut clothing.
Another essential tool is pruning shears or secateurs, which are used for cutting smaller branches with more precision than a chainsaw. These are particularly useful for snipping twigs and minor branches that contribute to overcrowding within a tree's canopy.
For higher and less accessible parts of a tree, pole pruners offer an extended reach. These tools have a cutting mechanism on one end attached to a long pole and can either be manual or powered by electricity or gas. Pole pruners allow arborists to trim branches from the ground without needing climbing equipment for every cut.
Ladders and climbing gear (including ropes, harnesses, carabiners, and climbers) are fundamental for safely reaching higher areas during crown thinning processes. Proper training in climbing techniques is crucial as it ensures that not only does the arborist maintain their safety but also protects the tree from unnecessary damage during ascent.
In addition to these mechanical tools, technology plays a role as well. Arborists often use mobile apps or handheld devices capable of assessing tree health data such as moisture levels or structural integrity before making any cuts. This data-driven approach aids in making informed decisions about which branches need removal.
Finally, after cutting down branches during crown thinning procedures cleanup tools like rakes or leaf blowers might be used to clear debris from around the base of the tree ensuring a tidy working area.
Overall, while crown thinning requires skillful execution that comes with experience and knowledge about tree biology and dynamics each tool provides specific benefits that help achieve healthier trees in both urban landscapes rural settings alike. Remembering always prioritizing safety by using these tools correctly under proper guidance ensures successful outcomes protecting both individuals involved and trees themselves ensuring their longevity sustainability within our environments.
Crown thinning is a crucial technique used in arboriculture to maintain the health and aesthetics of trees. This practice involves selectively removing branches from the crown (the upper part of the tree) to improve light penetration and air movement throughout the canopy, reduce weight on heavy limbs, and enhance the tree's structure and form. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to perform crown thinning effectively:
Before any cuts are made, it’s important to thoroughly assess the tree. Look at its overall health, stability, and structure. Determine which branches are dead, diseased, crossing over each other or competing with others for space in the canopy. It is also critical to understand the species-specific trimming requirements as different trees respond differently to pruning.
Ensure all cutting tools are sharp and clean to make precise cuts and avoid infecting the tree with diseases. Commonly used tools for this task include hand pruners, loppers, and a pruning saw. For larger trees or higher branches, safety equipment such as harnesses and helmets should be prepared.
Begin thinning from the lower part of the crown moving upwards. This method allows you to see clearly how removing lower branches influences those above them.
Target your initial cuts on dead or diseased branches since these can pose risks of falling or spreading decay. Next, remove any branches that are rubbing together or crossing over each other as these can cause wounds that invite pests and diseases.
Look to create even spaces between remaining healthy branches by selectively removing some that compete with main leader branches for light and air circulation. Try not to remove more than one quarter of a branch that originates directly from an individual trunk section at any one time.
While removing branches, continually step back to review your work ensuring that you maintain an even distribution around the tree’s axis for aesthetic balance but also for equal weight distribution which impacts structural integrity.
When making cuts, do so just outside of the branch collar — this is a slightly swollen area where branch meets trunk (or another branch). Cutting too close can damage stem tissues; too far might leave a stub that could hinder proper healing.
After completing your crown thinning ensure all removed material is cleared away from under the tree's base which might attract pests or facilitate diseases if left unattended.
Crown thinning should be performed periodically based on growth patterns and health status of each specific tree type but generally not more frequently than every three years in order not unnecessarily stress out trees . Always consider consulting with or hiring a professional arborist if uncertain about how best proceed .
By following these steps carefully , crown thinning can significantly contribute towards maintaining healthy , strong , beautiful looking trees .
Crown thinning is an essential practice in arboriculture aimed at enhancing tree health and stability by selectively removing branches. This technique not only improves the aesthetic appeal of trees but also ensures their longevity and safety. Identifying which branches to remove during thinning is a nuanced process that requires a deep understanding of tree biology and structural mechanics. In this essay, I will delve into the criteria and considerations involved in selecting branches for removal during crown thinning.
Firstly, the primary goal of crown thinning should be clearly defined. Whether it's to increase light penetration and air movement through the crown, reduce weight on heavy limbs, or maintain the natural shape of the tree, each objective might influence different choices in the thinning process. Arborists must have a clear understanding of these goals before making any cuts.
One of the first steps in this process is to assess the overall health of the tree. Weak or diseased branches are prime candidates for removal. These include branches that show signs of decay such as cracking or splitting, as well as those infested with pests or fungi. Removing these compromised limbs can prevent further spread of disease and improve the overall health resilience of the tree.
Structural integrity is another crucial factor when deciding which branches to thin out. Branches that cross or rub against each other create wounds and entry points for pathogens, which can lead to decay. Therefore, it's important to remove one of the conflicting limbs to avoid damage. Additionally, branches that form narrow angles with the trunk tend to be weaker and more prone to breaking under stress - such as snow load or high winds - making them ideal candidates for removal.
The distribution of foliage also plays a significant role in determining which branches should be thinned out. Ideally, foliage should be evenly distributed along large limbs and throughout the tree canopy to maintain balance and encourage even growth. Overcrowded areas can benefit from thinning as it reduces competition for light and nutrients, promoting healthier development.
It's crucial not just to think about which branches to remove but also how many. Over-thinning can weaken a tree just as leaving too many weak branches might do. A common guideline suggests removing no more than 10-20% of a tree's crown at one time depending on its health and maturity as well as species-specific tolerance toward pruning.
Finally, considering aesthetic aspects alongside health factors keeps trees visually pleasing while ensuring they are healthy and safe. The natural shape of the tree should guide any pruning decisions; an experienced arborist will always strive to enhance a tree's intrinsic form rather than alter it dramatically unless necessary for safety reasons.
In conclusion, identifying which branches to remove during crown thining is both an art and science - requiring knowledge about plant physiology blended with aesthetic sensibility. Properly executed crown thinning doesn't just enhance a tree's appearance; it bolsters its strength against adverse conditions and prolongs its life providing ecological benefits like habitat provision, air purification, shade provision among others.
Crown thinning is a crucial arboricultural technique aimed at maintaining the health and aesthetics of trees. It involves the selective removal of branches to enhance light penetration and air movement through the crown, reducing weight on heavy limbs, and improving the structure and form of the tree. While beneficial when done correctly, crown thinning carries potential risks and common mistakes that can significantly harm a tree’s health and stability if not carefully avoided.
One major risk in crown thinning is over-thinning. Trees are often subjected to excessive pruning with the mistaken belief that removing more branches will result in increased benefits. However, removing too much foliage (generally over 25-30% of the crown) can starve the tree since it diminishes the tree's ability to photosynthesize effectively. This stress can lead to reduced growth, vitality, and resilience against pests or diseases. To avoid this, it’s critical to plan meticulously and ensure that no more than a quarter of the living crown is removed during any single pruning session.
Another common mistake is improper cutting techniques. Incorrect cuts can cause significant damage to bark and branches, leading to decay and weakening of the tree's structural integrity. Cuts should always be made just outside the branch collar to promote effective healing. Flush cuts against the trunk should be avoided as they can open up large wounds that are susceptible to infections.
Timing also plays a pivotal role in successful crown thinning. Pruning during a tree’s dormant season (usually late fall or winter) is generally best because it minimizes sap loss which attracts insects and disease. Moreover, during dormancy, trees are less susceptible to stress from pruning wounds. Thinning during active growth periods or outside ideal seasonal windows can lead to undue stress on trees, making them more vulnerable to health issues.
Incorrect selection of branches for removal is yet another mistake that must be sidestepped. Prioritizing which branches to remove should be based on their condition, size, attachment angle, and location within the overall canopy architecture. Removing healthy branches or those structurally important for even weight distribution across the tree can destabilize it or stimulate aggressive growth in weak areas.
Lastly, lack of professional judgment can lead to poor outcomes in crown thining procedures. Tree care professionals should ideally carry out or supervise such work due to their expertise in understanding species-specific needs and local environmental conditions affecting different trees.
In conclusion, while crown thinning has many advantages for both aesthetic appeal and health of trees when performed properly under informed guidance with meticulous planning—bearing in mind factors like extent of removals per session, proper cutting methods alongside optimal timing—it can otherwise predispose trees to numerous risks resulting from over-thinning, improper cuts or poor timing among other errors.
Crown thinning is a crucial practice in arboriculture aimed at enhancing a tree's health and aesthetic value. It involves the selective removal of branches to reduce the density of live branches, thereby improving light penetration and air movement through the crown. Properly executed, crown thinning can prevent specific problems such as wind stress and branch breakage while promoting healthier foliage and minimizing the risk of disease. However, the process doesn't end with the removal of these branches; maintenance after crown thinning is essential to ensure a tree continues to thrive.
Monitoring tree health after crown thinning is critical. The immediate effect of removing substantial parts of a tree's canopy might not be visible right away. Over time, signs that indicate whether the tree is benefiting from the procedure or if it requires further intervention become evident. Arborists and tree care professionals must regularly check for new growth patterns, which can inform whether the thinning has achieved its intended effect or if additional adjustments are necessary.
One key aspect to monitor is the response of foliage. After crown thinning, there should ideally be an increase in leaf density and size, reflecting better light exposure and reduced competition for resources among the branches. Observing changes in leaf color and vigor can also provide insights into any nutrient deficiencies or watering needs that may need addressing post-thinning.
Another critical factor is observing how well new growth is distributed across the pruned areas. Ideally, new branches should grow in a way that maintains overall structural integrity and balance within the tree's architecture. Disproportionate growth can lead to weaknesses that may result in future damages especially under adverse weather conditions such as strong winds or heavy snowfall.
Inspecting for pests and diseases frequently after thinning operations cannot be overstated. With increased sunlight and air circulation, previously shaded areas may become vulnerable to different types of infestations or fungal infections that weren't prevalent before. Early detection allows for timely management strategies that can mitigate potential damage to the tree.
Adjustments post-crown thinning may include supplementary pruning if regrowth becomes excessive or misdirected, potentially leading to crowding within certain sections of the canopy. In some cases, support systems such as cabling may be recommended by arborists to help stabilize newly exposed larger limbs until they adapt fully to their new loading conditions.
In conclusion, maintenance following crown thining is as vital as the initial cutting work itself. Effective post-thinning practices involve vigilant monitoring of tree health indicators like growth patterns, foliage condition, pest control measures along with necessary structural adjustments based on observed changes over time. By committing to these follow-up activities, one ensures not only that trees remain healthy but also retain their functional values and visual appeal in landscapes.
The International Society of Arboriculture, commonly known as ISA, is an international non-profit organization headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia,[1] United States. The ISA serves the tree care industry as a paid membership association and a credentialing organization that promotes the professional practice of arboriculture.[2] ISA focuses on providing research, technology, and education opportunities for tree care professionals to develop their arboricultural expertise. ISA also works to educate the general public about the benefits of trees and the need for proper tree care.[3][4]
Worldwide, ISA has 22,000 members and 31,000 ISA-certified tree care professionals with 59 chapters, associate organizations, and professional affiliates throughout North America, Asia, Oceania, Europe, and South America.[5]
ISA offers the following credentials:
The Certified Arborist credential identifies professional arborists who have a minimum of three years' full-time experience working in the professional tree care industry and who have passed an examination covering facets of arboriculture.[6][7] The Western Chapter of the ISA started the certification program in the 1980s,[citation needed] with the ISA initiating it in 1992.[8]
The Board Certified Master Arborist (BCMA) or simply Master Arborist credential identifies professional arborists who have attained the highest level of arboriculture offered by the ISA and one of the two top levels in the field. There are several paths to the Board Certified Master Arborist, but typically on average each has been an ISA Certified Arborist a minimum of three to five years before qualifying for the exam (this can vary depending upon other education and experience). The certification began as a result of the need to distinguish the top few arborists and allow others to identify those with superior credentials.
The Master Arborist examination is a far more extensive exam than the Certified Arborist Exam, and covers a broad scope of both aboriculture management, science and work practices. The exam includes the following areas:
Another credential that is on a par with the Master Arborist is that of the American Society of Consulting Arborists, the Registered Consulting Arborist.[9] There are perhaps six hundred individuals with that qualification, and only 70 arborists who hold both credentials.[citation needed]
Arboriculture (/ˈɑËrbÉ™rɪˌkÊŒltʃər, É‘ËrˈbÉ”Ër-/)[1] is the cultivation, management, and study of individual trees, shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants. The science of arboriculture studies how these plants grow and respond to cultural practices and to their environment. The practice of arboriculture includes cultural techniques such as selection, planting, training, fertilization, pest and pathogen control, pruning, shaping, and removal.
A person who practices or studies arboriculture can be termed an arborist or an arboriculturist. A tree surgeon is more typically someone who is trained in the physical maintenance and manipulation of trees and therefore more a part of the arboriculture process rather than an arborist. Risk management, legal issues, and aesthetic considerations have come to play prominent roles in the practice of arboriculture. Businesses often need to hire arboriculturists to complete "tree hazard surveys" and generally manage the trees on-site to fulfill occupational safety and health obligations.[citation needed]
Arboriculture is primarily focused on individual woody plants and trees maintained for permanent landscape and amenity purposes, usually in gardens, parks or other populated settings, by arborists, for the enjoyment, protection, and benefit of people.[citation needed]
Arboricultural matters are also considered to be within the practice of urban forestry yet the clear and separate divisions are not distinct or discreet.[citation needed]
Tree benefits are the economic, ecological, social and aesthetic use, function purpose, or services of a tree (or group of trees), in its situational context in the landscape.
A tree defect is any feature, condition, or deformity of a tree that indicates weak structure or instability that could contribute to tree failure.
Common types of tree defects:
Codominant stems: two or more stems that grow upward from a single point of origin and compete with one another.
Included bark: bark is incorporated in the joint between two limbs, creating a weak attachment
Dead, diseased, or broken branches:
Cracks
Cavity and hollows: sunken or open areas wherein a tree has suffered injury followed by decay. Further indications include: fungal fruiting structures, insect or animal nests.
Lean: a lean of more than 40% from vertical presents a risk of tree failure
Taper: change in diameter over the length of trunks branches and roots
Epicormic branches (water sprouts in canopy or suckers from root system): often grow in response to major damage or excessive pruning
Roots:
Proper tree installation ensures the long-term viability of the tree and reduces the risk of tree failure.
Quality nursery stock must be used. There must be no visible damage or sign of disease. Ideally the tree should have good crown structure. A healthy root ball should not have circling roots and new fibrous roots should be present at the soil perimeter. Girdling or circling roots should be pruned out. Excess soil above the root flare should be removed immediately, since it present a risk of disease ingress into the trunk.
Appropriate time of year to plant: generally fall or early spring in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.
Planting hole: the planting hole should be 3 times the width of the root ball. The hole should be dug deep enough that when the root ball is placed on the substrate, the root flare is 3–5cm above the surrounding soil grade. If soil is left against the trunk, it may lead to bark, cambium and wood decay. Angular sides to the planting hole will encourage roots to grow radially from the trunk, rather than circling the planting hole. In urban settings, soil preparation may include the use of:
Tree wells: a zone of mulch can be installed around the tree trunk to: limit root zone competition (from turf or weeds), reduce soil compaction, improve soil structure, conserve moisture, and keep lawn equipment at a distance. No more than 5–10cm of mulch should be used to avoid suffocating the roots. Mulch must be kept approximately 20cm from the trunk to avoid burying the root flare. With city trees additional tree well preparation includes:
Tree grates/grill and frames: limit compaction on root zone and mechanical damage to roots and trunk
Root barriers: forces roots to grow down under surface asphalt/concrete/pavers to limit infrastructure damage from roots
Staking: newly planted, immature trees should be staked for one growing season to allow for the root system to establish. Staking for longer than one season should only be considered in situations where the root system has failed to establish sufficient structural support. Guy wires can be used for larger, newly planted trees. Care must be used to avoid stem girdling from the support system ties.
Irrigation: irrigation infrastructure may be installed to ensure a regular water supply throughout the lifetime of the tree. Wicking beds are an underground reservoir from which water is wicked into soil. Watering bags may be temporarily installed around tree stakes to provide water until the root system becomes established. Permeable paving allows for water infiltration in paved urban settings, such as parks and walkways.
Within the United Kingdom trees are considered as a material consideration within the town planning system and may be conserved as amenity landscape[2] features.
The role of the Arborist or Local Government Arboricultural Officer is likely to have a great effect on such matters. Identification of trees of high quality which may have extensive longevity is a key element in the preservation of trees.
Urban and rural trees may benefit from statutory protection under the Town and Country Planning[3] system. Such protection can result in the conservation and improvement of the urban forest as well as rural settlements.
Historically the profession divides into the operational and professional areas. These might be further subdivided into the private and public sectors. The profession is broadly considered as having one trade body known as the Arboricultural Association, although the Institute of Chartered Foresters offers a route for professional recognition and chartered arboriculturist status.
The qualifications associated with the industry range from vocational to Doctorate. Arboriculture is a comparatively young industry.
Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing forests and woodlands for associated resources for human and environmental benefits.[1] Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands.[2] The science of forestry has elements that belong to the biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences.[3] Forest management plays an essential role in the creation and modification of habitats and affects ecosystem services provisioning.[4]
Modern forestry generally embraces a broad range of concerns, in what is known as multiple-use management, including: the provision of timber, fuel wood, wildlife habitat, natural water quality management, recreation, landscape and community protection, employment, aesthetically appealing landscapes, biodiversity management, watershed management, erosion control, and preserving forests as "sinks" for atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Forest ecosystems have come to be seen as the most important component of the biosphere,[5] and forestry has emerged as a vital applied science, craft, and technology. A practitioner of forestry is known as a forester. Another common term is silviculturist. Silviculture is narrower than forestry, being concerned only with forest plants, but is often used synonymously with forestry.
All people depend upon forests and their biodiversity, some more than others.[6] Forestry is an important economic segment in various industrial countries,[7] as forests provide more than 86 million green jobs and support the livelihoods of many more people.[6] For example, in Germany, forests cover nearly a third of the land area,[8] wood is the most important renewable resource, and forestry supports more than a million jobs and about €181 billion of value to the German economy each year.[9]
Worldwide, an estimated 880 million people spend part of their time collecting fuelwood or producing charcoal, many of them women.[6][quantify] Human populations tend to be low in areas of low-income countries with high forest cover and high forest biodiversity, but poverty rates in these areas tend to be high.[6] Some 252 million people living in forests and savannahs have incomes of less than US$1.25 per day.[6]
Over the past centuries, forestry was regarded as a separate science. With the rise of ecology and environmental science, there has been a reordering in the applied sciences. In line with this view, forestry is a primary land-use science comparable with agriculture.[10] Under these headings, the fundamentals behind the management of natural forests comes by way of natural ecology. Forests or tree plantations, those whose primary purpose is the extraction of forest products, are planned and managed to utilize a mix of ecological and agroecological principles.[11] In many regions of the world there is considerable conflict between forest practices and other societal priorities such as water quality, watershed preservation, sustainable fishing, conservation, and species preservation.[12]
Silvology (Latin: silva or sylva, "forests and woods"; Ancient Greek: -λογία, -logia, "science of" or "study of") is the biological science of studying forests and woodlands, incorporating the understanding of natural forest ecosystems, and the effects and development of silvicultural practices. The term complements silviculture, which deals with the art and practice of forest management.[13]
Silvology is seen as a single science for forestry and was first used by Professor Roelof A.A. Oldeman at Wageningen University.[14] It integrates the study of forests and forest ecology, dealing with single tree autecology and natural forest ecology.
Dendrology (Ancient Greek: δÎνδρον, dendron, "tree"; and Ancient Greek: -λογία, -logia, science of or study of) or xylology (Ancient Greek: ξÏλον, ksulon, "wood") is the science and study of woody plants (trees, shrubs, and lianas), specifically, their taxonomic classifications.[15] There is no sharp boundary between plant taxonomy and dendrology; woody plants not only belong to many different plant families, but these families may be made up of both woody and non-woody members. Some families include only a few woody species. Dendrology, as a discipline of industrial forestry, tends to focus on identification of economically useful woody plants and their taxonomic interrelationships. As an academic course of study, dendrology will include all woody plants, native and non-native, that occur in a region. A related discipline is the study of sylvics, which focuses on the autecology of genera and species.
The provenance of forest reproductive material used to plant forests has a great influence on how the trees develop, hence why it is important to use forest reproductive material of good quality and of high genetic diversity.[16] More generally, all forest management practices, including in natural regeneration systems, may impact the genetic diversity of trees.
The term genetic diversity describes the differences in DNA sequence between individuals as distinct from variation caused by environmental influences. The unique genetic composition of an individual (its genotype) will determine its performance (its phenotype) at a particular site.[17]
Genetic diversity is needed to maintain the vitality of forests and to provide resilience to pests and diseases. Genetic diversity also ensures that forest trees can survive, adapt and evolve under changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, genetic diversity is the foundation of biological diversity at species and ecosystem levels. Forest genetic resources are therefore important to consider in forest management.[16]
Genetic diversity in forests is threatened by forest fires, pests and diseases, habitat fragmentation, poor silvicultural practices and inappropriate use of forest reproductive material.
About 98 million hectares of forest were affected by fire in 2015; this was mainly in the tropical domain, where fire burned about 4 percent of the total forest area in that year. More than two-thirds of the total forest area affected was in Africa and South America. Insects, diseases and severe weather events damaged about 40 million hectares of forests in 2015, mainly in the temperate and boreal domains.[18]
Furthermore, the marginal populations of many tree species are facing new threats due to the effects of climate change.[16]
Most countries in Europe have recommendations or guidelines for selecting species and provenances that can be used in a given site or zone.[17]
Forest management is a branch of forestry concerned with overall administrative, legal, economic, and social aspects, as well as scientific and technical aspects, such as silviculture, forest protection, and forest regulation. This includes management for timber, aesthetics, recreation, urban values, water, wildlife, inland and nearshore fisheries, wood products, plant genetic resources, and other forest resource values.[19] Management objectives can be for conservation, utilisation, or a mixture of the two. Techniques include timber extraction, planting and replanting of different species, building and maintenance of roads and pathways through forests, and preventing fire.
The first dedicated forestry school was established by Georg Ludwig Hartig at Hungen in the Wetterau, Hesse, in 1787, though forestry had been taught earlier in central Europe, including at the University of Giessen, in Hesse-Darmstadt.
In Spain, the first forestry school was the Forest Engineering School of Madrid (Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes), founded in 1844.
The first in North America, the Biltmore Forest School was established near Asheville, North Carolina, by Carl A. Schenck on September 1, 1898, on the grounds of George W. Vanderbilt's Biltmore Estate. Another early school was the New York State College of Forestry, established at Cornell University just a few weeks later, in September 1898.
Early 19th century North American foresters went to Germany to study forestry. Some early German foresters also emigrated to North America.
In South America the first forestry school was established in Brazil, in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, in 1962, and moved the next year to become a faculty at the Federal University of Paraná, in Curitiba.[34]
Today, forestry education typically includes training in general biology, ecology, botany, genetics, soil science, climatology, hydrology, economics and forest management. Education in the basics of sociology and political science is often considered an advantage. Professional skills in conflict resolution and communication are also important in training programs.[35]
In India, forestry education is imparted in the agricultural universities and in Forest Research Institutes (deemed universities). Four year degree programmes are conducted in these universities at the undergraduate level. Masters and Doctorate degrees are also available in these universities.
In the United States, postsecondary forestry education leading to a Bachelor's degree or Master's degree is accredited by the Society of American Foresters.[36]
In Canada the Canadian Institute of Forestry awards silver rings to graduates from accredited university BSc programs, as well as college and technical programs.[37]
In many European countries, training in forestry is made in accordance with requirements of the Bologna Process and the European Higher Education Area.
The International Union of Forest Research Organizations is the only international organization that coordinates forest science efforts worldwide.[38]
In order to keep up with changing demands and environmental factors, forestry education does not stop at graduation. Increasingly, forestry professionals engage in regular training to maintain and improve on their management practices. An increasingly popular tool are marteloscopes; one hectare large, rectangular forest sites where all trees are numbered, mapped and recorded.
These sites can be used to do virtual thinnings and test one's wood quality and volume estimations as well as tree microhabitats. This system is mainly suitable to regions with small-scale multi-functional forest management systems
Forestry literature is the books, journals and other publications about forestry.
The first major works about forestry in the English language included Roger Taverner's Booke of Survey (1565), John Manwood's A Brefe Collection of the Lawes of the Forrest (1592) and John Evelyn's Sylva (1662).[39]
cite book
cite journal
The Society of American Foresters grants accreditation only to specific educational curricula that lead to a first professional degree in forestry at the bachelor's or master's level.
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings​, FAO, FAO.
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (license statement/permission). Text taken from The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief​, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP.
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023​, FAO, FAO.
An arborist, or (less commonly) arboriculturist, is a professional in the practice of arboriculture, which is the cultivation, management, and study of individual trees, shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants in dendrology and horticulture.[citation needed]
Arborists generally focus on the health and safety of individual plants and trees, rather than managing forests or harvesting wood (silviculture or forestry). An arborist's scope of work is therefore distinct from that of either a forester or a logger.[citation needed]
In order for arborists to work near power wires, either additional training is required or they need to be certified as a Qualified Line Clearance Arborist or Utility Arborist (there may be different terminology for various countries). There is a variety of minimum distances that must be kept from power wires depending on voltage, however the common distance for low voltage lines in urban settings is 10 feet (about 3 metres).[1]
Arborists who climb (as not all do) can use a variety of techniques to ascend into the tree. The least invasive, and most popular technique used is to ascend on rope. There are two common methods of climbing, Single Rope System (SRS) and Moving Rope System (MRS). When personal safety is an issue, or the tree is being removed, arborists may use 'spikes', (also known as 'gaffs' or 'spurs') attached to their chainsaw boots with straps to ascend and work. Spikes wound the tree, leaving small holes where each step has been.[citation needed]
An arborist's work may involve very large and complex trees, or ecological communities and their abiotic components in the context of the landscape ecosystem. These may require monitoring and treatment to ensure they are healthy, safe, and suitable to property owners or community standards. This work may include some or all of the following: planting; transplanting; pruning; structural support; preventing, or diagnosing and treating phytopathology or parasitism; preventing or interrupting grazing or predation; installing lightning protection; and removing vegetation deemed as hazardous, an invasive species, a disease vector, or a weed.[citation needed]
Arborists may also plan, consult, write reports and give legal testimony. While some aspects of this work are done on the ground or in an office, much of it is done by arborists who perform tree services and who climb the trees with ropes, harnesses and other equipment. Lifts and cranes may be used too. The work of all arborists is not the same. Some may just provide a consulting service; others may perform climbing, pruning and planting: whilst others may provide a combination of all of these services.[2]
Arborists gain qualifications to practice arboriculture in a variety of ways and some arborists are more qualified than others. Experience working safely and effectively in and around trees is essential. Arborists tend to specialize in one or more disciplines of arboriculture, such as diagnosis and treatment of pests, diseases and nutritional deficiencies in trees, climbing and pruning, cabling and lightning protection, or consultation and report writing. All these disciplines are related to one another and some arborists are very well experienced in all areas of tree work, however not all arborists have the training or experience to properly practice every discipline.[citation needed]
Arborists choose to pursue formal certification, which is available in some countries and varies somewhat by location. An arborist who holds certification in one or more disciplines may be expected to participate in rigorous continuing education requirements to ensure constant improvement of skills and techniques.[citation needed]
In Australia, arboricultural education and training are streamlined countrywide through a multi-disciplinary vocational education, training, and qualification authority called the Australian Qualifications Framework, which offers varying levels of professional qualification. Government institutions including Technical and Further Education TAFE offer Certificate III or a diploma in arboriculture as well as some universities.[3][4] There are also many private institutions covering similar educational framework in each state. Recognition of prior learning is also an option for practicing arborists with 10 or more years of experience with no prior formal training. It allows them to be assessed and fast track their certification.[citation needed]
In France, a qualified arborist must hold a Management of Ornamental Trees certificate, and a qualified arborist climber must hold a Pruning and Care of Trees certificate; both delivered by the French Ministry of Agriculture.[5][6]
In the UK, an arborist can gain qualifications up to and including a master's degree. College-based courses include further education qualifications, such as national certificate, national diploma, while higher education courses in arboriculture include foundation degree, bachelor's degree and master's degree.[citation needed]
In the US, a Certified Arborist (CA) is a professional who has over three years of documented and verified experience and has passed a rigorous written test from the International Society of Arboriculture. Other designations include Municipal Specialist, Utility Specialist and Board Certified Master Arborist (BCMA). The USA and Canada additionally have college-based training which, if passed, will give the certificate of Qualified Arborist. The Qualified Arborist can then be used to offset partial experience towards the Certified Arborist.
Tree Risk Assessment Qualified credential (TRAQ), designed by the International Society of Arboriculture, was launched in 2013. At that time people holding the TRACE credential were transferred over to the TRAQ credential.[citation needed]
In Canada, there are provincially governed apprenticeship programs that allow arborists' to work near power lines upon completion. These apprenticeship programs must meet the provincial reregulations (For example, in B.C. they must meet WorkSafeBC G19.30), and individuals must ensure they meet the requirements of the owner of the power system.[citation needed]
Trees in urban landscape settings are often subject to disturbances, whether human or natural, both above and below ground. They may require care to improve their chances of survival following damage from either biotic or abiotic causes. Arborists can provide appropriate solutions, such as pruning trees for health and good structure, for aesthetic reasons, and to permit people to walk under them (a technique often referred to as "crown raising"), or to keep them away from wires, fences and buildings (a technique referred to as "crown reduction").[7] Timing and methods of treatment depend on the species of tree and the purpose of the work. To determine the best practices, a thorough knowledge of local species and environments is essential.[citation needed]
There can be a vast difference between the techniques and practices of professional arborists and those of inadequately trained tree workers. Some commonly offered "services" are considered unacceptable by modern arboricultural standards and may seriously damage, disfigure, weaken, or even kill trees. One such example is tree topping, lopping, or "hat-racking", where entire tops of trees or main stems are removed, generally by cross-cutting the main stem(s) or leaders, leaving large unsightly stubs. Trees that manage to survive such treatment are left prone to a spectrum of detrimental effects, including vigorous but weakly attached regrowth, pest susceptibility, pathogen intrusion, and internal decay.[8]
Pruning should only be done with a specific purpose in mind. Every cut is a wound, and every leaf lost is removal of photosynthetic potential. Proper pruning can be helpful in many ways, but should always be done with the minimum amount of live tissue removed.[9]
In recent years, research has proven that wound dressings such as paint, tar or other coverings are unnecessary and may harm trees. The coverings may encourage growth of decay-causing fungi. Proper pruning, by cutting through branches at the right location, can do more to limit decay than wound dressing [10]
Chemicals can be applied to trees for insect or disease control through soil application, stem injections or spraying. Compacted or disturbed soils can be improved in various ways.[citation needed]
Arborists can also assess trees to determine the health, structure, safety or feasibility within a landscape and in proximity to humans. Modern arboriculture has progressed in technology and sophistication from practices of the past. Many current practices are based on knowledge gained through recent research, including that of Alex Shigo, considered one "father" of modern arboriculture.[11]
Depending on the jurisdiction, there may be a number of legal issues surrounding the practices of arborists, including boundary issues, public safety issues, "heritage" trees of community value, and "neighbour" issues such as ownership, obstruction of views, impacts of roots crossing boundaries, nuisance problems, disease or insect quarantines, and safety of nearby trees or plants that may be affected.[citation needed]
Arborists are frequently consulted to establish the factual basis of disputes involving trees, or by private property owners seeking to avoid legal liability through the duty of care.[12] Arborists may be asked to assess the value of a tree[13] in the process of an insurance claim for trees damaged or destroyed,[14] or to recover damages resulting from tree theft or vandalism.[15] In cities with tree preservation orders an arborist's evaluation of tree hazard may be required before a property owner may remove a tree, or to assure the protection of trees in development plans and during construction operations. Carrying out work on protected trees and hedges is illegal without express permission from local authorities,[16] and can result in legal action including fines.[17] Homeowners who have entered into contracts with a Homeowner's association (see also Restrictive covenants) may need an arborists' professional opinion of a hazardous condition prior to removing a tree, or may be obligated to assure the protection of the views of neighboring properties prior to planting a tree or in the course of pruning.[18] Arborists may be consulted in forensic investigations where the evidence of a crime can be determined within the growth rings of a tree, for example. Arborists may be engaged by one member of a dispute in order to identify factual information about trees useful to that member of the dispute, or they can be engaged as an expert witness providing unbiased scientific knowledge in a court case. Homeowners associations seeking to write restrictive covenants, or legislative bodies seeking to write laws involving trees, may seek the counsel of arborists in order to avoid future difficulties.[19]
Before undertaking works in the UK, arborists have a legal responsibility to survey trees for wildlife, especially bats, which are given particular legal protection. In addition, any tree in the UK can be covered by a tree preservation order and it is illegal to conduct any work on a tree, including deadwooding or pruning, before permission has been sought from the local council.[citation needed]
The protagonist in Italo Calvino's novel The Baron in the Trees lives life on the ground as a boy and spends the rest of his life swinging from tree to tree in the Italian countryside. As a young man he helps the local fruit farmers by pruning their trees.[citation needed]
Some noteworthy arborists include:
Lithia Springs may refer to:
We recently had five large pine trees taken down in our front yard. We had three bids from different tree companies. We also wanted the stumps ground as well as chasing roots above ground. Rudy was fantastic and his workers were very skilled and the clean up was exceptional. We would highly recommend them and not hesitate to use them again.
Used Rudy and All In Tree for numerous things over the last year and a half. Pricing is Competitive. Very responsive to calls and tests. I like that they're insured. Did what he said what he was going to do and when he said he was going to do it. A couple of things didn't meet my expectations and he immediately came out and made it right. I have recommended to multiple other people.
Update! 10/10/23 After they helped me last month, All in Tree Service has again saved the day! A couple of large trees washed down the creek on my property recently and one of them was lodged against the pipes that go from my house to the street. There were other large tree trunks in the creek as well and also one wedged against the supports for my bridge. The All In team went to work and within a couple of hours had everything cleaned up and removed. The pipes and the bridge are safe! I recommend this team wholeheartedly. They care about what they do and it shows. Thank you! I’m very grateful. This team exemplifies professionalism. The before and after pictures tell a great story. September 2023 I recently was fortunate enough to find Rudy and Yaremi of All In Tree Services. A very large and very high limb on a big oak tree was hanging after a storm. It was a danger to me, to my dogs and to the fence below it. I had never met Rudy and Yaremi before. They were the first to call me back when I started my search for a reliable tree service. They clearly wanted the business so I gave them a chance. I’m so glad I did. They were very impressive! Their strategy and teamwork were incredible. Clearly they are very experienced at this kind of work. I took some pictures but I wish I had filmed the whole thing. It was amazing. They roped off the limb so it would not fall on anything or anyone. Then they quickly got the limb cut and safely on the ground and helped to clear up the debris. I am extremely happy with their service and with the friendly and professional manner with which they conducted themselves. I have already recommended them to my neighbors and I strongly encourage anyone who needs tree services to call them.
All professional service. Timely, efficient, friendly. I had big old dead trees that I feared daily were going to come down. I called them in an emergency and they came the very next morning, no problem, no excuses. The guys were about service and me as a customer. They saw what I needed and went above and beyond to make sure I was a satisfied customer. I am a satisfied customer. I will use this company again and again. Thank you Rudy.